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What is Horse chestnut(?sculus,Aesculus hippocastanum)?Narrative history,origin,c

From: michael derrida
Category: 商业信息
Date: 11/11/2003
Time: 11:49:43 PM
Remote Name: 218.95.203.188

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What is Horse chestnut(?sculus,Aesculus hippocastanum)?Narrative history,origin,c hemical constitution and application of Horse chestnut?

◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇◇ Composition&Application: Effective Constituents: Saponins,a complex mixture known as "aescin", compos ed of acylated glycosides of protoaesigenin and barringtogenol-C and including hi ppocaesculin and many others. Active constituents and mechanism of Aescin:As a Saponin,Aescin has been sho wn to promote circulation through the veins.Aescin fosters normal tone in the wal ls of the veins,thereby promoting return of blood to the heart.This has made both topical and internal horse chestnut extracts popular in Europe for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and, to a lesser extent, varicose veins.Aescin a lso possesses anti-inflammatory properties and has been shown to reduce edema (sw elling with fluid) following trauma, particularly following sports injury, surger y, and head injury.

Botanical Basic Data of Horse chestnut:Aesculus hippocastanum Botanical Source: ?sculus hippocastanum ,Aesculus hippocastanum ,Hippocastana ceae Family: Horse chestnuts are classified in the division Magnoliophyta,class Ma gnoliopsida,order Sapindales, family Hippocastanallae. Names Differentiation: Do not confuse with its North American relative Aescul usglabra, Buckeye. Habitat: Native to Northern Asia but widely cultivated, common in Britain. Collection: The ripe chestnuts should be gathered as they fall from the trees in September Part Used: The fruit, that is the Horse Chestnut itself.

----------------------------------------------------------------------- Botanical Basic Data of Horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum) Narrative Hisdtory of Horse chestnut(?sculus,Aesculus hippocastanum). Description of Horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum). Active constituents and mechanism of aescin from horsechestnut. Historical or traditional use of Horse chestnut. Indications,Combinations and Dosage of Horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum) .

Narrative Hisdtory of Horse chestnut(?sculus,Aesculus hippocastanum): Horse Chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum) The Horse Chestnut, ?sculus hippocastanum, which has also been known as Hipp ocastanum vulgare (Gaertn.), is an entirely different tree from the Sweet Chestnu t, to which it is not even distantly related, and is of much more recent importat ion to English soil. It is a native of northern and central parts of Asia, from w hich it was introduced into England about the middle of the sixteenth century. Narrative Hisdtory of Horse chestnut(?sculus,Aesculus hippocastanum): The name ?sculus (from esca, food) was applied originally to a species of oa k, which according to Pliny, was highly prized for its acorns, but how it came to be transferred to the Horse Chestnut is very uncertain; perhaps, as Loudon sugge sts, it was given ironically, because its nuts bear a great resemblance, external ly, to those of the Sweet Chestnut, but are unfit for food. Hippocastanum (the sp ecific name of the common sort) is a translation of the common name, which was gi ven - Evelyn tells us - 'from its curing horses brokenwinded and other cattle of coughs.' Some writers think that the prefix 'horse' is a corruption of the Welsh gwres, meaning hot, fierce, or pungent, e.g. 'Horse-chestnut' = the bitter chestn ut, in opposition to the mild, sweet one. The leaves are large and compound, in the form of a palm with the five or si x leaflets spreading out like the fingers of a fat hand. The leaves fall in autum n to leave large horseshoe-shaped leaf scars.This is another origin of the word"h orse chestnut from the human imagination erosed by sense." Origin of Horse chestnut(?sculus,Aesculus hippocastanum): A native of the Ba lkan peninsula (Greece-Albania), it is now cultivated in many countries for shade and ornament. Other members of the family are native trees and shrubs of the nor th temperate zones and of South America. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

Description of Horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum): It can reach 30 meters tall, and has striking candles of blooms in spring an d early summer. Individual flowers have crumpled white petals with a yellow basal patch that changes to a dull red colour. The fruit has a lathery cae covered wit h short pickles. The seed are used to play conkers. The trunk of the tree is very erect and columnar, and grows very rapidly to a great height, with widely spreading branches. The bark is smooth and greyishgre en in colour: it has been used with some success in dyeing yellow. The wood, bein g soft and spongy, is of very little use for timber. The horse chestnut's scientific name is Aesculus hippocastanum. It grows nat urally in the moist mountain valleys of parts of Albania and Greece. In the UK, h orse chestnuts have been grown as ornamental trees, particularly in avenues or al ong roadsides for their spectacular "candles" of white flowers all over the tree in the spring. These trees are seen at their best when grown in the open reaching up to 35m (115ft) with the arching branches normally turned up at the ends. It is one of t he largest flowering trees of the temperate world. The sturdy, many-ribbed boughs and thick buds of the Horse Chestnut make it a conspicuous tree even in winter. The buds are protected with a sticky substance : defended by fourteen scales and gummed together, thus no frost or damp can harm the leaf and flower tucked safely away within each terminal bud, which develops with startling rapidity with the approach of the first warm days after the winter . The bud will sometimes develop the season's shoot in the course of three or fou r weeks. The unfolding of the bud is very rapid when the sun melts the resin that binds it so firmly together. Horse chestnut leaves,flowers and fruit: The large leaves are divided into five or seven leaflets, spreading like fin gers from the palm of the hand and have their margins finely toothed. All over th e small branches may be found the curious marks in the shape of minute horse-shoe s, from which, perhaps, the tree gets its name. They are really the leaf scars. W herever a bygone leaf has been, can be traced on the bark a perfect facsimile of a horse-shoe, even to the seven nail markings, which are perfectly distinct. And among the twigs may be found some with an odd resemblance to a horse's foot and f etlock. The leaves are large and compound, in the form of a palm with the five or six leaflets spreading out like the fingers of a fat hand. The leaves fall in au tumn to leave large horseshoe-shaped leaf scars. The flowers are mostly white, with a reddish tinge, or marking, and grow in dense, erect spikes. There is also a dull red variety, and a less common yellow v ariety, which is a native of the southern United States, but is seldom seen here. The flowers then give rise to the large globular green spiky fruit. These split o pen about September to reveal one to three large shiny, mahogany brown seeds or n uts - the "conkers". The fruit is a brown nut, with a very shining, polished skin, showing a dull , rough, pale-brown scar where it has been attached to the inside of the seed-ves sel, a large green husk, protected with short spines, which splits into three val ves when it falls to the ground and frees the nut. Cultivation of horse chestnut: The Horse Chestnut is generally raised from the nuts, which are collected in the autumn and sown in the early spring. The nuts should be preserved in sand du ring the winter, as they may become mouldy and rot. If steeped in water, they wil l germinate more quickly. They will grow 3 foot the first summer and require litt le care, being never injured by the cold of this climate. They thrive in most soi ls and situations, but do best in a good, sandy loam. Part Used Medicinally: The bark and the fruit, from both of which a fluid extract is made. The bark is stripped in the spring and dried in the sun, or by slight artificial heat, an d when dry, occurs in commerce in flattened pieces, 4 to 5 inches long and about 1 to 1 1/2 inch broad-about 1 to 1 1/4 inch thick, greyish-brown externally, show ing corky elongated warts, and on the inner surface pinkish-brown, finely striate d longitudinally. The bark is odourless, but has a bitter astringent taste. Preparations:Fluid extract, fruit, 5 to 20 drops. Fluid extract, bark, 1/2 t o 2 drachms. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----

Active constituents and mechanism of aescin from horsechestnut.: Constituents of Horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum): Analysis has shown that the nuts contain 3.04 per cent. water; 2.66 per cent . ash; 10.99 crude protein; oil, 5.34 per cent.; and 73 97 per cent. carbohydrate s. Experiments conducted at Wye College proved that the most satisfactory way to prepare the Horse Chestnuts as food for animals was to soak partly crushed nuts i n cold water overnight, then boil them for half an hour or so and strain off the water. The nuts were then dried, partially husked and reduced to a meal, which, t hough slightly bitter, had a pleasant taste and appearance. The meal was fed to a calf, a sheep and two pigs. The calf received up to 5 lb. of the meal per day an d made good increase in live weight, and the sheep suffered no ill effects, but t he pig refused to eat the food containing the meal. It is concluded that Horse Chestnuts are not poisonous to any of the farm ani mals experimented with, within the limits of what they can be induced to eat, and that they form a highly nutritious food. Chestnut meal is a fairly concentrated food, and contains about 14 per cent of starch, it being calculated that 1 Ib. of Horse Chestnut meal would be equivalent to 1 Ib. 1 OZ. of feeding barley, 1 lb. 4 OZ. of oats, 1 lb. 8 oz. of bran, and 3 lb. 5 OZ. of good meadow hay. Effective Constituents of Horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum): Saponins,a complex mixture known as "aescin", composed of acylated glycoside s of protoaesigenin and barringtogenol-C and including hippocaesculin and many ot hers. Mechanism of aescin from horsechestnut:

The seeds are the source of a saponin known as aescin, which has been shown to promote circulation through the veins.2 Aescin fosters normal tone in the wall s of the veins, thereby promoting return of blood to the heart. This has made bot h topical and internal horse chestnut extracts popular in Europe for the treatmen t of chronic venous insufficiency and, to a lesser extent, varicose veins. Aescin also possesses anti-inflammatory properties and has been shown to reduce edema ( swelling with fluid) following trauma, particularly following sports injury, surg ery, and head injury.3 4 A topical aescin preparation is very popular in Europe for the treatment of acute sprains during sporting events. Horse chestnuts also contain flavonoids, st erols, and tannins. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----

Historical or traditional use of Horse chestnut.: Historical or traditional use of Horse chestnut (may or may not be supported by scientific studies): Medicinal Action and Uses of Horse chestnut(?sculus,Aesculus hippocastanum):

Horse chestnuts and buckeyes (a similar but often smaller North American spe cies of the same genus) somewhat resemble true chestnuts in appearance but are ed ible only after careful preparation. The wood of the horse chestnut is soft and h as been used for paper pulp and carpentry, woodenware, and other similar purposes . A compound derived from horse chestnut, aesculin, is a pharmaceutical agent use d as an astringent and anti-inflammatory. There is an unproven believe that Horse Chestnut increases the strength & to ne of the veins in particular, so it is often used to treat phlebitis, varicose v eins, and haemorrhoids. The horse chestnut tree is native to Asia and northern Greece, but it is now cultivated in many areas of Europe and North America. The tree produces fruits t hat are made up of a spiny capsule containing one to three large seeds, known as horse chestnuts. Traditionally, many of the aerial parts of the horse chestnut tr ee, including the seeds, leaves, and bark, were used in medicinal preparations. M odern extracts of horse chestnut are usually made from the seeds, which are high in the active constituent aescin (also known as escin). The bark has tonic, narcotic and febrifuge properties and is used in intermi ttent fevers, given in an infusion of 1 OZ. to the pint, in tablespoonful doses, three or four times daily. As an external application to ulcers, this infusion ha s also been used with success. The fruits have been employed in the treatment of rheumatism and neuralgia, and also in rectal complaints and for haemorrhoids. Horse chestnut reduce fevers,educe pain and inflammation of arthritis and rh eumatism:Horse chestnut leaves have been used by herbalists as a cough remedy and to reduce fevers.1 The leaves were also believed to reduce pain and inflammation of arthritis and rheumatism. In traditional herbal medicine, poultices of the se eds have been used topically to treat skin ulcers and skin cancer. Other uses inc lude the internal and external application for problems of venous circulation, in cluding varicose veins and hemorrhoids. Horse chestnut reduce the symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency:Double-bl ind and preliminary clinical trials have shown that oral horse chestnut extracts reduce the symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, including swelling and pain. 5 6 Those suffering edema after surgery have also found relief from topical appli cation of horse chestnut extracts, according to preliminary studies.7 Horse Chestnuts as Fodder: In Eastern countries considerable use is made of Horse Chestnuts for feeding horses and cattle, and cattle are said to eat them with relish, though pigs will not touch them. The method of utilizing them is to first soak them in lime-water , which deprives them of the well-known bitter flavour inherent in the nuts, and then to grind them to a meal and mix them with the ordinary provender. Experiments made during the Great War proved that for every ton of Horse Che stnuts which are harvested, half a ton of grain can be saved for human consumptio n, and thus the Horse Chestnuts, though totally unfit for human food, can be util ized indirectly to increase the national food supply. The genus Pavia is so closely allied as to be now generally grouped with the ?sculus. The Red Buckeye (?. pavia) is a handsome small tree with dense and larg e foliage, together with bright red flowers in large loose clusters in early summ er. Sometimes it rises from 15 to 20 feet high, but some of its varieties are onl y low-spreading or trailing shrubs. The Yellow Buckeye (?. flava) is common and s ometimes 40 feet high. It has somewhat the habit of the Red Horse Chestnut (?. ru bicunda), but has smoother leaves. The DWARF HORSE CHESTNUT (?. parviflora) is a handsome shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, flowering in later summer. Its foliage is much like that of other ?sculi, and its small, white, fragrant flowers are in long, e rect plume-flowers. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----

Indications,Combinations and Dosage of Horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum ): : The unique actions of Horse Chestnut are on the vessels of the circulatory s ystem. It seems to increase the strength and tone of the veinsin particular. It m ay be used internally to aid the body in the treatment of problems such as phlebi tis, inflammation in the veins, varicosity and haemorrhoids. Externally it may be used as a lotion for the same conditions as well as for leg ulcers. King's Dispe nsatory gives the following specific indications and uses: visceral neuralgia, du e to congestion; soreness of the whole body, with vascular fullness, throbbing, a ndgeneral malaise; throbbing, fullness, and aching in the hepatic region; rectal uneasiness with burning or aching pain; sense of constriction, with itching; larg e, purple pile-tumors; uneasy sensations and reflex disturbances depending upon h aemorrhoids or rectal vascular engorgement. Combinations of Horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum):Other cardiovascular tonics such as Hawthorn, Linden, Ginkgo and Yarrow. Preparations & Dosage of Horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum): Infusion: pour a cup of boiling water onto l-2 teaspoonfuls of the dried fru it and leave to infuse for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day or used as a lotion. Tincture: take l-4 ml ofthe tincture three times a day. How much is usually taken? For treatment of chronic venous insufficiency hor se chestnut seed extracts standardized for aescin content (16–20%), 300 mg two t o three times per day, are recommended.8 9 Tincture, 1–4 ml taken three times pe r day, can be used though it is questionable whether a significant amount of aesc in can be absorbed this way.10 Gels or creams containing 2% aescin can be applied topically three or four times per day for hemorrhoids, skin ulcers, varicose vei ns, sports injuries, and trauma of other kinds. Are there any side effects or interactions? Internal use of horse chestnut s eed extracts standardized for aescin at recommended amounts is generally safe. Ho wever, in rare cases oral intake of horse chestnut may cause itching, nausea, and upset stomach.11 Based on reports of worsening kidney function in people with ki dney disease who received intravenous aescin, horse chestnut should be avoided by anyone with kidney disease.12 13 People with liver disease should also avoid the use of horse chestnut. There are no known reasons to avoid horse chestnut during pregnancy.14 Topically, horse chestnut has been associated with rare cases of al lergic skin reactions. Circulation disorders and trauma associated with swelling may be the sign of a serious condition. Therefore, a healthcare professional shou ld be consulted before self-treating with horse chestnut.

Scintific References: 1.What is Horse chestnut(?sculus,Aesculus hippocastanum)?Narrative history, origin,chemical constitution and application of Horse chestnut?.Via Michael Derri da.

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